高３の電解液内の電荷の流れ練習問題

\documentclass[b5j,9pt,noaux]{tetsujsarticle}
\usepackage{tetsuchem}
\pagestyle{empty}% empty にするとヘッダ・フッタ類が全部消える

\余白設定[% デフォルトでは一行字数を四捨五入により整数zwに調整する。\余白設定* だと一行字数を切り上げで整数zwに調整，\余白設定** だと調整しない。
上余白=1truecm,
下余白=上余白,
左余白=1truecm,
左右差=0truecm,
段間隔=4zw,% B4横を2段組にしてB5縦を2枚並べたように見せるときには 段間隔=対称 とする。
段組の仕切り線の太さ=.5truept,
ヘッダの縦幅=0truept,
ヘッダ下端と本文上端の縦間隔=10truept,
ヘッダと本文を仕切る線の太さ=0truept,
本文下端とフッタ下端の縦間隔=10truept,
本文とフッタを仕切る線の太さ=0truept,
傍注領域の幅=0zw,
本文端と傍注領域との間隔=0truept,
傍注同士の縦間隔=\baselineskip,
奇数ページの傍注位置=右,
偶数ページの傍注位置=左,
]
%\段間隔調整{n}% n段組にしたときに一行字数が整数になるよう適切な段間隔に調整する。デフォルトでは現在の一行字数に最も近い字数に調整するが，\段間隔調整* だと一行字数を切り上げで整数zwに調整する。\段間隔調整** だと調整しない。

\fancyhead[OR]{\footnotesize\gtfamily 奇数ページヘッダ右上}
\fancyhead[EL]{\footnotesize\gtfamily 偶数ページヘッダ左上}
\fancyfoot[C]{−\arabic{page}−} % 中央フッタにページ番号




%\切り出し{tikzpicture}
\begin{document}
\小見出し{高３の電解液内の電荷の流れ練習問題}

\br{.5}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\coordinate (ビーカー１左上) at (0,0);
\coordinate (ビーカー１右上) at ($(ビーカー１左上)+(8,0)$);
\coordinate (ビーカー１左下) at ($(ビーカー１左上)+(0,-4.5)$);
\coordinate (ビーカー１右下) at ($(ビーカー１右上)+(0,-4.5)$);
\draw [draw=black,rounded corners=5pt] ($(ビーカー１左上)+(-5pt,2pt)$) -- (ビーカー１左上) -- (ビーカー１左下) -- (ビーカー１右下) -- (ビーカー１右上) -- ++(5pt,2pt);
\draw ($(ビーカー１左上)+(0,-1.25)$) -- ($(ビーカー１右上)+(0,-1.25)$);
\draw ($(ビーカー１左上)!.167!(ビーカー１右上)+(0,-1.25)$) -- ++(0,2.5) -- ($(ビーカー１左上)!.833!(ビーカー１右上)+(0,1.25)$) -- ++(0,-2.5);
\filldraw [fill=white] ($(ビーカー１左下)!.167!(ビーカー１右下)+(-0.3,2.5)$) -- node [anchor=south] {\ce{Zn}} ++(0.6,0) -- ++(0,1.4) -- ++(-0.6,0) -- cycle;
\filldraw [fill=white] ($(ビーカー１左下)!.833!(ビーカー１右下)+(-0.3,2.5)$) -- node [anchor=south] {\ce{Cu}} ++(0.6,0) -- ++(0,1.4) -- ++(-0.6,0) -- cycle;
\filldraw [fill=white] ($(ビーカー１左下)!.33!(ビーカー１右下)+(-0.05,0)$) -- ++(0.1,0) -- ++(0,4) -- node [anchor=south] {\parboxx{\baselineskip = 1pt\centering 陰イオン\\\centering 交換膜}} ++(-0.1,0) -- cycle;
\filldraw [fill=white] ($(ビーカー１左下)!.67!(ビーカー１右下)+(-0.05,0)$) -- ++(0.1,0) -- ++(0,4) -- node [anchor=south] {\parboxx{\baselineskip = 1pt\centering 陽イオン\\\centering 交換膜}} ++(-0.1,0) -- cycle;
\filldraw [fill=white] ($(ビーカー１左上)!.5!(ビーカー１右上)+(0,1.25)$) circle [radius=0.3];
\draw ($(ビーカー１左上)!.5!(ビーカー１右上)+(0,1.25)$) -- ++({0.15*2^(1/2)},{0.15*2^(1/2)});
\draw ($(ビーカー１左上)!.5!(ビーカー１右上)+(0,1.25)$) -- ++({-0.15*2^(1/2)},{0.15*2^(1/2)});
\draw ($(ビーカー１左上)!.5!(ビーカー１右上)+(0,1.25)$) -- ++({0.15*2^(1/2)},{-0.15*2^(1/2)});
\draw ($(ビーカー１左上)!.5!(ビーカー１右上)+(0,1.25)$) -- ++({-0.15*2^(1/2)},{-0.15*2^(1/2)});
\draw ($(ビーカー１左下)!.167!(ビーカー１右下)$) node [anchor=north] {\ce{ZnSO4\,\aq}};
\draw ($(ビーカー１左下)!.5!(ビーカー１右下)$) node [anchor=north] {\ce{Na2SO4\,\aq}};
\draw ($(ビーカー１左下)!.833!(ビーカー１右下)$) node [anchor=north] {\ce{CuSO4\,\aq}};
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1



\小見出し{電気分解槽}


\br{.5}

\begin{tikzpicture}
\coordinate (ビーカー１左上) at (0,0);
\coordinate (ビーカー１右上) at ($(ビーカー１左上)+(4.5,0)$);
\coordinate (ビーカー１左下) at ($(ビーカー１左上)+(0,-2.5)$);
\coordinate (ビーカー１右下) at ($(ビーカー１右上)+(0,-2.5)$);
\draw [draw=black,rounded corners=5pt] ($(ビーカー１左上)+(-5pt,2pt)$) -- (ビーカー１左上) -- (ビーカー１左下) -- (ビーカー１右下) -- (ビーカー１右上) -- ++(5pt,2pt);
\draw ($(ビーカー１左上)+(0,-.5)$) -- ($(ビーカー１右上)+(0,-.5)$);
\draw ($(ビーカー１左上)!.2!(ビーカー１右上)+(0,-.5)$) -- ++(0,1) -- ($(ビーカー１左上)!.5!(ビーカー１右上)+(-0.05,.5)$);
\draw ($(ビーカー１左上)!.8!(ビーカー１右上)+(0,-.5)$) -- ++(0,1) -- ($(ビーカー１左上)!.5!(ビーカー１右上)+(0.05,.5)$);
\draw ($(ビーカー１左上)!.5!(ビーカー１右上)+(-0.05,.8)$) -- ++(0,-.6);
\draw ($(ビーカー１左上)!.5!(ビーカー１右上)+(0.05,.65)$) -- ++(0,-.3);
\filldraw [fill=white] ($(ビーカー１左下)!.2!(ビーカー１右下)+(-0.3,1.25)$) -- ++(0.6,0) -- ++(0,1.4) -- node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 陽極} ++(-0.6,0) -- cycle;
\filldraw [fill=white] ($(ビーカー１左下)!.8!(ビーカー１右下)+(-0.3,1.25)$) -- ++(0.6,0) -- ++(0,1.4) -- node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 陰極} ++(-0.6,0) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1


\小見出し{夏期分野別第５問図２}
\br{.5}

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
\node [rectangle,draw] (１段目) at (0,0) {\parbox{13zw}{\baselineskip=0pt 化合物\bf{D}，\bf{E}，\bf{F}，\bf{G}，\bf{N}を溶かしたエーテル溶液}};
\node [rectangle,draw] (２段目左) at ($(１段目)+(-1.6,-2)$) {\baselineskip=0pt \makebox[6zw][c]{水層\ajMaru1}};
\node [rectangle,draw] (２段目右) at ($(２段目左)+(3.2,0)$) {\baselineskip=0pt \makebox[6zw][c]{エーテル層\ajMaru1}};
\node [rectangle,draw] (３段目左) at ($(２段目右)+(-1.6,-2.3)$) {\baselineskip=0pt \makebox[6zw][c]{水層\ajMaru2}};
\node [rectangle,draw] (３段目右) at ($(３段目左)+(3.2,0)$) {\baselineskip=0pt \makebox[6zw][c]{エーテル層\ajMaru2}};
\draw (１段目) -- node [anchor=west] {{\LARGE\白左矢印} \raisebox{0.4zw}{\footnotesize エーテル溶液に塩酸を加えた}} ++(0,-1.2);
\draw [<->] (２段目左) -- ++(0,.8) -- ($(２段目右)+(0,.8)$) -- (２段目右);
\draw (２段目右) -- node [anchor=west] {{\LARGE\白左矢印} \raisebox{0.4zw}{\footnotesize\parboxx{エーテル層\ajMaru1に\\ 炭酸水素ナトリウム\\ 水溶液を加えた}}} ++(0,-1.5);
\draw [<->] (３段目左) -- ++(0,.8) -- ($(３段目右)+(0,.8)$) -- (３段目右);
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1

\小見出し{正八面体すき間}

\br{.5}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
\path
coordinate (手前左) at (0,0)
coordinate (手前中) at ($(手前左)+(1.9,-.3)$)
coordinate (手前右) at ($(手前中)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
coordinate (真ん中左) at ($(手前左)+(1.8,.6)$)
coordinate (真ん中右) at ($(真ん中左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
coordinate (奥) at ($(真ん中左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
coordinate (２段目手前左) at ($($(手前左)!.5!(手前中)$)+(0.2,1.6)$)
coordinate (２段目手前右) at ($(２段目手前左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
coordinate (２段目奥) at ($(２段目手前左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$);
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%\draw (手前左) -- (手前中);
%\draw (手前中) -- (真ん中左);
%\draw [densely dotted] (手前左) -- (真ん中左);
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%\draw (手前中) -- (２段目手前左);
%\draw  (真ん中左) -- (２段目手前左);
\draw (２段目奥) -- (２段目手前左);
\draw (２段目奥) -- (２段目手前右);
\draw (２段目奥) -- (真ん中右);
\draw [densely dotted] (２段目奥) -- (真ん中左);
\draw (手前中) -- (２段目手前左);
\draw (手前中) -- (２段目手前右);
\draw (手前中) -- (真ん中右);
\draw [densely dotted] (手前中) -- (真ん中左);
\draw (２段目手前左) -- (２段目手前右);
\draw (２段目手前右) -- (真ん中右);
\draw [densely dotted] (真ん中右) -- (真ん中左);
\draw [densely dotted] (真ん中左) -- (２段目手前左);
\end{tikzpicture}

%\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
%\path
%coordinate (手前左) at (0,0)
%coordinate (手前中) at ($(手前左)+(1.9,-.3)$)
%coordinate (手前右) at ($(手前中)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (真ん中左) at ($(手前左)+(1.8,.6)$)
%coordinate (真ん中右) at ($(真ん中左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (奥) at ($(真ん中左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前左) at ($($(手前左)!.5!(手前中)$)+(0.2,1.6)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前右) at ($(２段目手前左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥) at ($(２段目手前左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥左) at ($(２段目奥)-(手前中)+(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥右) at ($(２段目奥)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前) at ($(２段目手前右)-(真ん中左)+(手前左)$)
%coordinate (３段目手前) at ($(２段目手前左)+(２段目手前左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (一番下) at ($(真ん中右)-(２段目手前左)+(手前左)$);
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%\draw [transparent] (２段目手前右) circle (1cm);
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%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前中) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前右) circle (1cm);
%\draw [transparent] (２段目手前) circle (1cm);
%%\draw [very thick] (３段目手前) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前右) -- (２段目奥右) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick] (３段目手前) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前左) -- (２段目奥左) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick] (一番下) -- (手前左) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前右) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (２段目奥左) -- (奥);
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (２段目奥右) -- (奥);
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (一番下) -- (奥);
%%\foreach \point in {３段目手前,一番下}
%%\filldraw [fill=black] ($(\point)$) circle (0.1cm);
%%\draw (２段目手前) -- (２段目奥右) -- (２段目奥左) -- cycle;
%%\draw (手前左) -- (手前右) -- (奥) -- cycle;
%\end{tikzpicture}
%
%
%\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
%\path
%coordinate (手前左) at (0,0)
%coordinate (手前中) at ($(手前左)+(1.9,-.3)$)
%coordinate (手前右) at ($(手前中)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (真ん中左) at ($(手前左)+(1.8,.6)$)
%coordinate (真ん中右) at ($(真ん中左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (奥) at ($(真ん中左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前左) at ($($(手前左)!.5!(手前中)$)+(0.2,1.6)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前右) at ($(２段目手前左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥) at ($(２段目手前左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥左) at ($(２段目奥)-(手前中)+(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥右) at ($(２段目奥)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前) at ($(２段目手前右)-(真ん中左)+(手前左)$)
%coordinate (３段目手前) at ($(２段目手前左)+(２段目手前左)-(手前左)$)
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%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前中) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前右) circle (1cm);
%\draw [transparent] (２段目手前) circle (1cm);
%%\draw [very thick] (３段目手前) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前右) -- (２段目奥右) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick] (３段目手前) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前左) -- (２段目奥左) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick] (一番下) -- (手前左) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前右) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (２段目奥左) -- (奥);
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (２段目奥右) -- (奥);
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (一番下) -- (奥);
%%\foreach \point in {３段目手前,一番下}
%%\filldraw [fill=black] ($(\point)$) circle (0.1cm);
%%\draw (２段目手前) -- (２段目奥右) -- (２段目奥左) -- cycle;
%%\draw (手前左) -- (手前右) -- (奥) -- cycle;
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%
%\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
%\path
%coordinate (手前左) at (0,0)
%coordinate (手前中) at ($(手前左)+(1.9,-.3)$)
%coordinate (手前右) at ($(手前中)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (真ん中左) at ($(手前左)+(1.8,.6)$)
%coordinate (真ん中右) at ($(真ん中左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (奥) at ($(真ん中左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前左) at ($($(手前左)!.5!(手前中)$)+(0.2,1.6)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前右) at ($(２段目手前左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥) at ($(２段目手前左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥左) at ($(２段目奥)-(手前中)+(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥右) at ($(２段目奥)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前) at ($(２段目手前右)-(真ん中左)+(手前左)$)
%coordinate (３段目手前) at ($(２段目手前左)+(２段目手前左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (一番下) at ($(真ん中右)-(２段目手前左)+(手前左)$);
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%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目手前左) circle (1cm);
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%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前左) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前中) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前右) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目手前) circle (1cm);
%%\draw [very thick] (３段目手前) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前右) -- (２段目奥右) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick] (３段目手前) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前左) -- (２段目奥左) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick] (一番下) -- (手前左) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前右) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (２段目奥左) -- (奥);
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (２段目奥右) -- (奥);
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (一番下) -- (奥);
%%\foreach \point in {３段目手前,一番下}
%%\filldraw [fill=black] ($(\point)$) circle (0.1cm);
%%\draw (２段目手前) -- (２段目奥右) -- (２段目奥左) -- cycle;
%%\draw (手前左) -- (手前右) -- (奥) -- cycle;
%\end{tikzpicture}
%
%\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
%\path
%coordinate (手前左) at (0,0)
%coordinate (手前中) at ($(手前左)+(1.9,-.3)$)
%coordinate (手前右) at ($(手前中)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (真ん中左) at ($(手前左)+(1.8,.6)$)
%coordinate (真ん中右) at ($(真ん中左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (奥) at ($(真ん中左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前左) at ($($(手前左)!.5!(手前中)$)+(0.2,1.6)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前右) at ($(２段目手前左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥) at ($(２段目手前左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥左) at ($(２段目奥)-(手前中)+(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥右) at ($(２段目奥)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前) at ($(２段目手前右)-(真ん中左)+(手前左)$)
%coordinate (３段目手前) at ($(２段目手前左)+(２段目手前左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (一番下) at ($(真ん中右)-(２段目手前左)+(手前左)$);
%\draw [transparent] (一番下) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (奥) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (真ん中左) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (真ん中右) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目奥左) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目奥) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目奥右) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (３段目手前) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目手前左) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目手前右) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前左) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前中) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前右) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目手前) circle (1cm);
%%\draw [very thick] (３段目手前) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前右) -- (２段目奥右) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick] (３段目手前) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前左) -- (２段目奥左) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick] (一番下) -- (手前左) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前右) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (２段目奥左) -- (奥);
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (２段目奥右) -- (奥);
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (一番下) -- (奥);
%%\foreach \point in {３段目手前,一番下}
%%\filldraw [fill=black] ($(\point)$) circle (0.1cm);
%%\draw (２段目手前) -- (２段目奥右) -- (２段目奥左) -- cycle;
%%\draw (手前左) -- (手前右) -- (奥) -- cycle;
%\end{tikzpicture}
%
%
%
%
%\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
%\path
%coordinate (手前左) at (0,0)
%coordinate (手前中) at ($(手前左)+(1.9,-.3)$)
%coordinate (手前右) at ($(手前中)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (真ん中左) at ($(手前左)+(1.8,.6)$)
%coordinate (真ん中右) at ($(真ん中左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (奥) at ($(真ん中左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前左) at ($($(手前左)!.5!(手前中)$)+(0.2,1.6)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前右) at ($(２段目手前左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥) at ($(２段目手前左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥左) at ($(２段目奥)-(手前中)+(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目奥右) at ($(２段目奥)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (２段目手前) at ($(２段目手前右)-(真ん中左)+(手前左)$)
%coordinate (３段目手前) at ($(２段目手前左)+(２段目手前左)-(手前左)$)
%coordinate (一番下) at ($(真ん中右)-(２段目手前左)+(手前左)$);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (一番下) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (奥) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (真ん中左) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (真ん中右) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目奥左) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目奥) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目奥右) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (３段目手前) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目手前左) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目手前右) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前左) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前中) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前右) circle (1cm);
%\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目手前) circle (1cm);
%%\draw [very thick] (３段目手前) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前右) -- (２段目奥右) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick] (３段目手前) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前左) -- (２段目奥左) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick] (一番下) -- (手前左) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前右) -- cycle;
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (２段目奥左) -- (奥);
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (２段目奥右) -- (奥);
%%\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (一番下) -- (奥);
%%\foreach \point in {３段目手前,一番下}
%%\filldraw [fill=black] ($(\point)$) circle (0.1cm);
%%\draw (２段目手前) -- (２段目奥右) -- (２段目奥左) -- cycle;
%%\draw (手前左) -- (手前右) -- (奥) -- cycle;
%\end{tikzpicture}
%
%

\br1

\小見出し{面心立方格子が最密充填構造}
\br{.5}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
\path
coordinate (手前左) at (0,0)
coordinate (手前中) at ($(手前左)+(1.9,-.3)$)
coordinate (手前右) at ($(手前中)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
coordinate (真ん中左) at ($(手前左)+(1.8,.6)$)
coordinate (真ん中右) at ($(真ん中左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
coordinate (奥) at ($(真ん中左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
coordinate (２段目手前左) at ($($(手前左)!.5!(手前中)$)+(0.2,1.6)$)
coordinate (２段目手前右) at ($(２段目手前左)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
coordinate (２段目奥) at ($(２段目手前左)+(真ん中左)-(手前左)$)
coordinate (２段目奥左) at ($(２段目奥)-(手前中)+(手前左)$)
coordinate (２段目奥右) at ($(２段目奥)+(手前中)-(手前左)$)
coordinate (２段目手前) at ($(２段目手前右)-(真ん中左)+(手前左)$)
coordinate (３段目手前) at ($(２段目手前左)+(２段目手前左)-(手前左)$)
coordinate (一番下) at ($(真ん中右)-(２段目手前左)+(手前左)$);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (一番下) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (奥) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (真ん中左) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (真ん中右) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目奥左) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目奥) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目奥右) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (３段目手前) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目手前左) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目手前右) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前左) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前中) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (手前右) circle (1cm);
\shade [ball color=black!30!white] (２段目手前) circle (1cm);
\draw [very thick] (３段目手前) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前右) -- (２段目奥右) -- cycle;
\draw [very thick] (３段目手前) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前左) -- (２段目奥左) -- cycle;
\draw [very thick] (一番下) -- (手前左) -- (２段目手前) -- (手前右) -- cycle;
\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (２段目奥左) -- (奥);
\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (２段目奥右) -- (奥);
\draw [very thick, densely dotted] (一番下) -- (奥);
%\foreach \point in {３段目手前,一番下}
%\filldraw [fill=black] ($(\point)$) circle (0.1cm);
%\draw (２段目手前) -- (２段目奥右) -- (２段目奥左) -- cycle;
%\draw (手前左) -- (手前右) -- (奥) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1


\小見出し{体心立方格子の断面}
\br{.5}

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=2.5cm,y=2.5cm]
\path
coordinate (左下) at (0,0)
coordinate (右上) at (1.41421356,1)
coordinate (右下) at (1.41421356,0)
coordinate (左上) at (0,1);
\draw (左下) rectangle +(右上);
\draw ($(左下)!.5!(右上)$) circle [radius=0.4330127];
\draw ($(左下)+(0.4330127,0)$) arc [start angle=0, end angle=90, radius=0.4330127];
\draw ($(左上)+(0.4330127,0)$) arc [start angle=0, end angle=-90, radius=0.4330127];
\draw ($(右下)+(-0.4330127,0)$) arc [start angle=180, end angle=90, radius=0.4330127];
\draw ($(右上)+(-0.4330127,0)$) arc [start angle=180, end angle=270, radius=0.4330127];
\draw (左上) -- (右下);
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1


\小見出し{面心立方格子の面}
\br{.5}

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=2.5cm,y=2.5cm]
\path
coordinate (左下) at (0,0)
coordinate (右上) at (1,1)
coordinate (右下) at (1,0)
coordinate (左上) at (0,1);
\draw (左下) rectangle +(右上);
\draw ($(左下)!.5!(右上)$) circle [radius=0.35355339];
\draw ($(左下)+(0.35355339,0)$) arc [start angle=0, end angle=90, radius=0.35355339];
\draw ($(左上)+(0.35355339,0)$) arc [start angle=0, end angle=-90, radius=0.35355339];
\draw ($(右下)+(-0.35355339,0)$) arc [start angle=180, end angle=90, radius=0.35355339];
\draw ($(右上)+(-0.35355339,0)$) arc [start angle=180, end angle=270, radius=0.35355339];
\draw (左上) -- (右下);
\end{tikzpicture}
\br1


\小見出し{正四面体の高さ}

\br{.5}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=2.5cm,y=2.5cm]
\path
coordinate (左下) at (0,0)
coordinate (上) at (0.57735027,0.81649658)
coordinate (右下) at (0.8660254,0);
\draw (左下) -- (右下) -- (上) -- cycle;
\draw (上) -- ++(0,-0.81649658);
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1
\小見出し{六方最密構造の底面}

\br{.5}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=2.5cm,y=2.5cm]
\path
coordinate (左下) at (0,0)
coordinate (右上) at (1.5,0.8660254)
coordinate (右下) at (1,0)
coordinate (左上) at (0.5,0.8660254);
\draw (左下) -- (右下) -- (右上) -- (左上) -- cycle;
\draw (左上) -- (右下);
\draw ($(左下)+(0.5,0)$) arc [start angle=0, end angle=60, radius=0.5];
\draw ($(左上)+(0.5,0)$) arc [start angle=0, end angle=-120, radius=0.5];
\draw ($(右下)+(-0.5,0)$) arc [start angle=180, end angle=60, radius=0.5];
\draw ($(右上)+(-0.5,0)$) arc [start angle=180, end angle=240, radius=0.5];
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1

\小見出し{面心立方格子の斜めの面}
\br{.5}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1.5cm,y=1.5cm]
\path
coordinate (左上) at (0,0)
coordinate (右上) at (2,0)
coordinate (下) at (1,-1.73205081);
\draw (左上) -- (右上) -- (下) -- cycle;
\draw ($(左上)!.5!(右上)$) circle [radius=0.5];
\draw ($(左上)!.5!(下)$) circle [radius=0.5];
\draw ($(下)!.5!(右上)$) circle [radius=0.5];
\draw (左上) circle [radius=0.5];
\draw (右上) circle [radius=0.5];
\draw (下) circle [radius=0.5];
\end{tikzpicture}\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1.5cm,y=1.5cm]
\path
coordinate (左上) at (0,0)
coordinate (右上) at (2,0)
coordinate (下) at (1,-1.73205081);
\draw (左上) -- (右上) -- (下) -- cycle;
\draw ($(左上)+(0.5,0)$) arc [start angle=0, end angle=-60, radius=0.5];
\draw ($(右上)+(-0.5,0)$) arc [start angle=180, end angle=240, radius=0.5];
\draw ($(下)!.25!(左上)$) arc [start angle=120, end angle=60, radius=0.5];
\draw ($(下)!.25!(左上)$) arc [start angle=-60, end angle=120, radius=0.5];
\draw ($(下)!.25!(右上)$) arc [start angle=240, end angle=60, radius=0.5];
\draw ($(左上)!.25!(右上)$) arc [start angle=180, end angle=360, radius=0.5];
\end{tikzpicture}


\br1



\小見出し{エネルギー図}
\newenvironment{エネルギー図}{\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
}{\end{tikzpicture}}


\newcommand{\エネルギー図横線}[5][0]{%%%%[横線の左端のx座標]{名前（○段）}{横線の左端のy座標}{長さ}{内容}
\coordinate (#2) at (#1,#3);
\draw (#2) node [anchor=south west] {#5} -- ($(#2)+(#4,0)$);
}

\newcommand{\エネルギー図縦線}[6][0.5]{%%%%%横線の後に使うこと！！%[始点（上側）のx座標]{始点}{終点}{終点の位置調整}{左側の内容}{右側の内容}
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(#2)+(#1,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {#6} node [anchor=east] {#5} ($(#3)+(#4)$);
}


\newcommand{\エネルギー図縦軸}[3][0.8]{%%%%%横線の後に使うこと！！%[終点のy座標修正]{始点}{終点}
\draw [->,>=stealth',thick] ($(#2)+(-0.1,-0.2)$) -- node [anchor=east] {\mbox{\tate エネルギー}} ($(#3)+(-0.1,#1)$) node [anchor=north east] {$\〔\kJ〕$};
}

\br{.5}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
\coordinate (１段目) at (0,8.8);
\draw (１段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.7cm] {\ce{CH4 \gas{} + H2O \gas{} + 2O2 \gas{}}} -- ($(１段目)+(9,0)$);
\coordinate (２段目) at (0,7);
\draw (２段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.7cm] {\ce{CO \gas{} + 3H2 \gas{} + 2O2 \gas{}}} -- ($(２段目)+(6.5,0)$);
\coordinate (３段目) at (2.5,5.8);
\draw (３段目) node [anchor=south west] {\ce{CO2 \gas{} + 3H2O \gas{}}} -- ($(３段目)+(5,0)$);
\coordinate (４段目) at (0,3.7);
\draw (４段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.7cm] {\ce{CO2 \gas{} + 3H2 \gas{} + $\bun32$ O2 \gas{}}} -- ($(４段目)+(6.5,0)$);
\coordinate (５段目) at (0,2.4);
\draw (５段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.7cm] {\ce{CO2 \gas{} + 3H2O \liq{}}} -- ($(５段目)+(9,0)$);
\draw [->,>=stealth',thick] ($(５段目)+(-0.1,-0.2)$) -- node [anchor=east,yshift=2cm] {\mbox{\tate エネルギー}} ($(１段目)+(-0.1,0.8)$) node [anchor=north east] {$\〔\kJ〕$};
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(１段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$-217$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(２段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(２段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$x$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(４段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(３段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {} node [anchor=east] {$-725$} ($(４段目)+(2.8,0.9)$);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(３段目)+(4.5,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$132$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(５段目)+(7.0,0.1)$);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(１段目)+(8,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$926$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(５段目)+(8,0.1)$);
\end{tikzpicture}

%
%\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
%\coordinate (１段目) at (0,6);
%\draw (１段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {A} -- ($(１段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (２段目) at (0,4.5);
%\draw (２段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {C} -- ($(２段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (３段目) at (0,3);
%\draw (３段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {B} -- ($(３段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (４段目) at (0,1.5);
%\draw (４段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {D} -- ($(４段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\draw [->,>=stealth',thick] ($(４段目)+(-0.1,-0.2)$) -- node [anchor=east,yshift=1cm] {\mbox{\tate エネルギー}} ($(１段目)+(-0.1,0.8)$) node [anchor=north east] {$\〔\kJ〕$};
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(１段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$100$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(２段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(２段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$200$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(３段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(３段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$400$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(４段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\end{tikzpicture}
%
%
%
%\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
%\coordinate (１段目) at (1.3,4.5);
%\draw (１段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.8cm] {A} -- ($(１段目)+(2,0)$);
%\coordinate (２段目) at (0,6);
%\draw (２段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {C} -- ($(２段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (３段目) at (0,3);
%\draw (３段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {B} -- ($(３段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (４段目) at (0,1.5);
%\draw (４段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {D} -- ($(４段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\draw [->,>=stealth',thick] ($(４段目)+(-0.1,-0.2)$) -- node [anchor=east,yshift=1cm] {\mbox{\tate エネルギー}} ($(２段目)+(-0.1,0.8)$) node [anchor=north east] {$\〔\kJ〕$};
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(１段目)+(0.3,0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$100$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(２段目)+(1.6,-0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(２段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$200$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(３段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(３段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$400$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(４段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\end{tikzpicture}
%
%
%
%\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
%\coordinate (１段目) at (1.3,4.5);
%\draw (１段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.8cm] {A} -- ($(１段目)+(2,0)$);
%\coordinate (２段目) at (0,6);
%\draw (２段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {C} -- ($(２段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (３段目) at (0,1.5);
%\draw (３段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.8cm] {B} -- ($(３段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (４段目) at (1.3,3);
%\draw (４段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.8cm] {D} -- ($(４段目)+(2,0)$);
%\draw [->,>=stealth',thick] ($(３段目)+(-0.1,-0.2)$) -- node [anchor=east,yshift=1cm] {\mbox{\tate エネルギー}} ($(２段目)+(-0.1,0.8)$) node [anchor=north east] {$\〔\kJ〕$};
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(１段目)+(0.3,0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$-100$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(２段目)+(1.6,-0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(２段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$-200$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(３段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(４段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$-400$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(３段目)+(1.6,0.1)$);
%\end{tikzpicture}
%
%
%\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
%\coordinate (１段目) at (1.3,4.5);
%\draw (１段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.8cm] {D} -- ($(１段目)+(2,0)$);
%\coordinate (２段目) at (0,6);
%\draw (２段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {B} -- ($(２段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (３段目) at (0,1.5);
%\draw (３段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.8cm] {A} -- ($(３段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (４段目) at (1.3,3);
%\draw (４段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.8cm] {C} -- ($(４段目)+(2,0)$);
%\draw [->,>=stealth',thick] ($(３段目)+(-0.1,-0.2)$) -- node [anchor=east,yshift=1cm] {\mbox{\tate エネルギー}} ($(２段目)+(-0.1,0.8)$) node [anchor=north east] {$\〔\kJ〕$};
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(４段目)+(0.3,0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$-600$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(１段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(２段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west,yshift=1.3cm] {$-300$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(３段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(４段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$-100$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(３段目)+(1.6,0.1)$);
%\end{tikzpicture}
%
%
%\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
%\coordinate (１段目) at (0,6);
%\draw (１段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {B} -- ($(１段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (２段目) at (0,4.5);
%\draw (２段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {C} -- ($(２段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (３段目) at (0,3);
%\draw (３段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {D} -- ($(３段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (４段目) at (0,1.5);
%\draw (４段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {A} -- ($(４段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\draw [->,>=stealth',thick] ($(４段目)+(-0.1,-0.2)$) -- node [anchor=east,yshift=1cm] {\mbox{\tate エネルギー}} ($(１段目)+(-0.1,0.8)$) node [anchor=north east] {$\〔\kJ〕$};
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(１段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$-200$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(２段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(２段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$600$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(３段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(３段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$700$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(４段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\end{tikzpicture}
%
%
%\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
%\coordinate (１段目) at (1.5,3);
%\draw (１段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.2cm] {A} -- ($(１段目)+(1.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (２段目) at (0,6);
%\draw (２段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {D} -- ($(２段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (３段目) at (0,4.5);
%\draw (３段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.5cm] {B} -- ($(３段目)+(1.6,0)$);
%\coordinate (４段目) at (0,1.5);
%\draw (４段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {C} -- ($(４段目)+(2.8,0)$);
%\draw [->,>=stealth',thick] ($(４段目)+(-0.1,-0.2)$) -- node [anchor=east,yshift=1cm] {\mbox{\tate エネルギー}} ($(２段目)+(-0.1,0.8)$) node [anchor=north east] {$\〔\kJ〕$};
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(１段目)+(0.9,0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$-700$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(２段目)+(2.4,-0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(３段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$-200$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(４段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(１段目)+(0.9,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$100$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(４段目)+(2.4,0.1)$);
%\end{tikzpicture}
%
%
%\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
%\coordinate (１段目) at (1.7,3);
%\draw (１段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=0.5cm] {A} -- ($(１段目)+(1.8,0)$);
%\coordinate (２段目) at (0,6);
%\draw (２段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {B} -- ($(２段目)+(3.3,0)$);
%\coordinate (３段目) at (0,4.5);
%\draw (３段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {D} -- ($(３段目)+(2.2,0)$);
%\coordinate (４段目) at (0,1.5);
%\draw (４段目) node [anchor=south west,xshift=1cm] {C} -- ($(４段目)+(3.3,0)$);
%\draw [->,>=stealth',thick] ($(４段目)+(-0.1,-0.2)$) -- node [anchor=east,yshift=1cm] {\mbox{\tate エネルギー}} ($(２段目)+(-0.1,0.8)$) node [anchor=north east] {$\〔\kJ〕$};
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(１段目)+(1.3,0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$300$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(２段目)+(3,-0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(３段目)+(0.3,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {$600$} node [anchor=east] {} ($(４段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(３段目)+(2,-0.1)$) -- node [anchor=west] {} node [anchor=east] {$-700$} ($(１段目)+(0.3,0.1)$);
%\end{tikzpicture}
%

\br1

\小見出し{電子配置}

\br{.5}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1.5cm,y=1.5cm]
\node at (0,32pt) [anchor=south] {\ce{F}};
\draw (0,0) circle [radius=10pt]  node {$+9$};
\draw (0,0) circle [radius=20pt];
\draw (0,0) circle [radius=30pt];
%\draw (0,0) circle [radius=40pt];
%\draw (0,0) circle [radius=50pt];
\fill (20pt,0) circle [radius=3pt];
\fill (-20pt,0) circle [radius=3pt];
\foreach \x in {0, 45, ..., 270}
\fill (\x:30pt) circle [radius=3pt];
%\foreach \x in {10, 50, ..., 330}
%\fill (\x:40pt) circle [radius=3pt];
%\foreach \x in {0, 180}
%\fill (\x:50pt) circle [radius=3pt];
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1

\小見出し{有効核電荷}
\br{.5}

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1.5cm,y=1.5cm]
\coordinate (中心) at (0,0);
\node at ($(中心)+(0,37pt)$) [anchor=south] {\ce{Li}};
\draw (中心) circle [radius=10pt]  node {$+3$};
\draw (中心) circle [radius=20pt];
\draw (中心) circle [radius=35pt];
\foreach \x in {0, 180}
\fill ($(中心)+(\x:20pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\foreach \y in {180}
\fill ($(中心)+(\y:35pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\coordinate (右) at (4.7,0);
\node at ($(右)+(0,37pt)$) [anchor=south] {\ce{Li}};
\draw [fill=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=10pt] node {$+1$};
%\draw [draw=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=10pt]  node {\textcolor[gray]{0.8}{$+3$}};
%\draw [draw=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=20pt];
\draw (右) circle [radius=35pt];
\node [above right] at ($(右)+(30:35pt)$) {\small L殻};
%\foreach \x in {0, 180}
%\fill [fill=black!20!white]($(右)+(\x:20pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\foreach \y in {180}
\fill ($(右)+(\y:35pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\draw [->,>=stealth'] ($(中心)+(43pt,0)$) -- node [above] {\scriptsize 最外殻電子が感じる正電荷は……} ($(右)+(-43pt,0)$);
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1


\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1.5cm,y=1.5cm]
\coordinate (中心) at (0,0);
\node at ($(中心)+(0,37pt)$) [anchor=south] {\ce{Be}};
\draw (中心) circle [radius=10pt]  node {$+4$};
\draw (中心) circle [radius=20pt];
\draw (中心) circle [radius=35pt];
\foreach \x in {0, 180}
\fill ($(中心)+(\x:20pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\foreach \y in {0, 180}
\fill ($(中心)+(\y:35pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\coordinate (右) at (4.7,0);
\node at ($(右)+(0,37pt)$) [anchor=south] {\ce{Be}};
\draw [fill=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=10pt] node {$+2$};
%\draw [draw=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=10pt]  node {\textcolor[gray]{0.8}{$+3$}};
%\draw [draw=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=20pt];
\draw (右) circle [radius=35pt];
\node [above right] at ($(右)+(30:35pt)$) {\small L殻};
%\foreach \x in {0, 180}
%\fill [fill=black!20!white]($(右)+(\x:20pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\foreach \y in {0, 180}
\fill ($(右)+(\y:35pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\draw [->,>=stealth'] ($(中心)+(43pt,0)$) -- node [above] {\scriptsize 最外殻電子が感じる正電荷は……} ($(右)+(-43pt,0)$);
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1.5cm,y=1.5cm]
\coordinate (中心) at ($(0,0)+(5pt,0)$);
\node at ($(中心)+(0,42pt)$) [anchor=south] {\ce{Na}};
\draw (中心) circle [radius=10pt]  node {$+11$};
\draw (中心) circle [radius=20pt];
\draw (中心) circle [radius=30pt];
\draw (中心) circle [radius=40pt];
\foreach \x in {0, 180}
\fill ($(中心)+(\x:20pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\foreach \y in {0, 45, ..., 315}
\fill ($(中心)+(\y:30pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\foreach \z in {180}
\fill ($(中心)+(\z:40pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\coordinate (右) at (4.7,0);
\node at ($(右)+(0,42pt)$) [anchor=south] {\ce{Na}};
\draw [fill=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=10pt] node {$+1$};
%\draw [draw=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=10pt]  node {\textcolor[gray]{0.8}{$+3$}};
%\draw [draw=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=20pt];
\draw (右) circle [radius=40pt];
\node [above right] at ($(右)+(30:40pt)$) {\small M殻};
%\foreach \x in {0, 180}
%\fill [fill=black!20!white]($(右)+(\x:20pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\foreach \z in {180}
\fill ($(右)+(\z:40pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\draw [->,>=stealth'] ($(中心)+(48pt,0)$) -- node [above] {\scriptsize 最外殻電子が感じる正電荷は……} ($(右)+(-48pt,0)$);
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1.5cm,y=1.5cm]
\coordinate (中心) at (0,0);
\node at ($(中心)+(0,37pt)$) [anchor=south] {\ce{Li+}};
\draw (中心) circle [radius=10pt]  node {$+3$};
\draw (中心) circle [radius=22pt];
\draw (中心) circle [radius=35pt];
\foreach \x in {0, 180}
\fill ($(中心)+(\x:22pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\foreach \y in {180}
\draw [thick,densely dotted,fill=white] ($(中心)+(\y:35pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\coordinate (右) at (4.5,0);
\node at ($(右)+(0,24pt)$) [anchor=south] {\ce{Li+}};
\draw [fill=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=10pt] node {$+3$};
%\draw [draw=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=10pt]  node {\textcolor[gray]{0.8}{$+3$}};
\draw (右) circle [radius=22pt];
%\draw (右) circle [radius=35pt];
\node [above right] at ($(右)+(30:22pt)$) {\small K殻};
\foreach \x in {0, 180}
\fill ($(右)+(\x:22pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
%\foreach \y in {180}
%\fill ($(右)+(\y:35pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\draw [->,>=stealth'] ($(中心)+(43pt,0)$) -- node [above] {\scriptsize 最外殻電子が感じる正電荷は……} ($(右)+(-43pt,0)$);
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1.5cm,y=1.5cm]
\coordinate (中心) at (0,0);
\node at ($(中心)+(0,37pt)$) [anchor=south] {\ce{Be+}};
\draw (中心) circle [radius=10pt]  node {$+4$};
\draw (中心) circle [radius=22pt];
\draw (中心) circle [radius=35pt];
\foreach \x in {0, 180}
\fill ($(中心)+(\x:22pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\foreach \y in {180}
\fill ($(中心)+(\y:35pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\coordinate (右) at (4.5,0);
\foreach \z in {0}
\draw [thick,densely dotted,fill=white] ($(中心)+(\z:35pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\node at ($(右)+(0,37pt)$) [anchor=south] {\ce{Be+}};
\draw [fill=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=10pt] node {$+2$};
%\draw [draw=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=10pt]  node {\textcolor[gray]{0.8}{$+3$}};
%\draw [draw=black!20!white] (右) circle [radius=20pt];
\draw (右) circle [radius=35pt];
\node [above right] at ($(右)+(30:35pt)$) {\small L殻};
%\foreach \x in {0, 180}
%\fill [fill=black!20!white]($(右)+(\x:20pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\foreach \y in {180}
\fill ($(右)+(\y:35pt)$) circle [radius=3pt];
\draw [->,>=stealth'] ($(中心)+(43pt,0)$) -- node [above] {\scriptsize 最外殻電子が感じる正電荷は……} ($(右)+(-43pt,0)$);
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1


\小見出し{メタン}


\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
\path
coordinate (中心) at (0,0)
coordinate (上) at ($(中心)+(90:1.1)$)
coordinate (右) at ($(中心)+(-19.5:1.1)$)
coordinate (左奥) at ($(中心)+(195:1)$)
coordinate (左手前) at ($(中心)+(245:0.9)$);
\draw [dashed] (上) -- (右);
\draw [dashed] (上) -- (左奥);
\draw [dashed] (左奥) -- (右);
\draw [dashed] (左手前) -- (右);
\draw [dashed] (左奥) -- (左手前);
\draw [very thick] (上) -- (中心);
\draw [very thick] (右) -- (中心);
\draw [very thick] (左手前) -- (中心);
\draw [very thick] (左奥) -- (中心);
\draw [fill=black!20!white] (中心) circle [radius=0.3] node {\ce{C}};
\draw [dashed] (上) -- (左手前);
\draw [fill=white] (上) circle [radius=0.25] node {\ce{H}};
\draw [fill=white] (右) circle [radius=0.25] node {\ce{H}};
\draw [fill=white] (左奥) circle [radius=0.25] node {\ce{H}};
\draw [fill=white] (左手前) circle [radius=0.25] node {\ce{H}};
\end{tikzpicture}




\br1
\小見出し{グラフ作成}
\def\棒グラフ#1#2{\filldraw [fill=black] (#1,0) -- ++(0,#2) -- node [anchor=south] {#2} ++(0.7,0) -- ++(0,-#2) -- cycle;
\draw ($(#1,0)+(0.35,0)$) -- ++(0,-0.1cm) node [anchor=north] {#1};
}

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1.2cm,y=0.3cm,>=stealth]
\棒グラフ{1}{0}
\棒グラフ{2}{0}
\棒グラフ{3}{6}
\棒グラフ{4}{9}
\棒グラフ{5}{15}
\draw [thick] (0.5,0) -- (6.2,0);
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1



\小見出し{酵素ポケット}

\br{.5}

\begin{tikzpicture}
\coordinate (t始め) at (0,0);
\coordinate (tポケット内左) at (1,-2);
\coordinate (tポケット内右) at (2.5,-2);
\draw [rounded corners=10pt] (t始め) -- ++(.7,0) -- (tポケット内左) -- ($(tポケット内左)!.5!(tポケット内右)+(0,-.1)$) node [anchor=north] {\parboxx{\centering トリプシン\\[-.5zw]\centering trypsin}}-- (tポケット内右) -- ++(.3,2) -- ++(.7,0);
\draw (.775,-.5) -- ++(.3,0) node [anchor=west,xshift=-2.5pt] {\ce{H}};
\draw (2.725,-.5) -- ++(-.3,0) node [anchor=east,xshift=2.5pt] {\ce{H}};
\draw (.925,-1.5) -- ++(.1,.2) node [anchor=south west,xshift=-5pt,yshift=-5pt] {\ce{COO-}};
\draw (2.43,-1.9) -- ++(-.15,.15) node [anchor=south east,xshift=5pt,yshift=-4pt] {\ce{HOH2C}};
\coordinate (c始め) at (5,0);
\coordinate (cポケット内左) at (6,-2);
\coordinate (cポケット内右) at (7.5,-2);
\draw [rounded corners=10pt] (c始め) -- ++(.7,0) -- (cポケット内左) -- ($(cポケット内左)!.5!(cポケット内右)+(0,-.1)$) node [anchor=north] {\parboxx{\centering キモトリプシン\\[-.5zw]\centering chymotrypsin}}-- (cポケット内右) -- ++(.3,2) -- ++(.7,0);
\draw (5.775,-.5) -- ++(.3,0) node [anchor=west,xshift=-2.5pt] {\ce{H}};
\draw (7.725,-.5) -- ++(-.3,0) node [anchor=east,xshift=2.5pt] {\ce{H}};
\coordinate (e始め) at (10,0);
\coordinate (eポケット内左) at (11,-2);
\coordinate (eポケット内右) at (12.5,-2);
\draw [rounded corners=10pt] (e始め) -- ++(.7,0) -- (eポケット内左) -- ($(eポケット内左)!.5!(eポケット内右)+(0,-.1)$) node [anchor=north] {\parboxx{\centering エラスターゼ\\[-.5zw]\centering elastase}}-- (eポケット内右) -- ++(.3,2) -- ++(.7,0);
\draw (10.775,-.5) -- ++(.15,.3) node [anchor=south west,xshift=-4pt,yshift=-18pt] {\cfig{CH(-[6] CH3) - CH3}};
\draw (12.725,-.5) -- ++(-.15,-.3) node [anchor=north east,xshift=3pt,yshift=2pt] {\cfig{CH3 !- CH(-[6] OH)}};
\end{tikzpicture}%%%




\小見出し{高２例題38−６}
\br{.5}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
\path
coordinate (１段目) at (0,0)
coordinate (２段目左) at (-3.5,-3.3)
coordinate (２段目右) at (3.5,-3.3)
coordinate (３段目左) at (1,-6.6)
coordinate (３段目右) at (6,-6.6)
coordinate (４段目左) at (4,-9.9)
coordinate (４段目右) at (8,-9.9);
%\draw[step=.5cm,gray,very thin] (-4,0) grid (10,-12);
%\fill [fill=black] (２段目左) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (２段目右) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (３段目左) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (３段目右) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (４段目左) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (４段目右) circle [radius=2pt];
\draw ($(１段目)+(-4.6,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\Benzene\ihspace{2zw}\phenyl**{NH2}\ihspace{2zw}\phenyl**{COOH}\ihspace{2zw}\phenyl**{OH}} ++(9.2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw (１段目) -- node [anchor=west] {\small ＋塩酸} ++(0,-1);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(２段目左)+(0,1.8)$) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 水層\bf{A}} -- ++(0,.5) -- ($(２段目右)+(0,2.3)$) -- ++(0,-.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize エーテル層\bf{B}};
\draw ($(２段目左)+(-1.1,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{NH3+}} ++(2.2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw ($(２段目右)+(-3.3,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\Benzene\ihspace{2zw}\phenyl**{COOH}\ihspace{2zw}\phenyl**{OH}} ++(6.6,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw (２段目右) -- node [anchor=west] {\small ＋炭酸水素ナトリウム} ++(0,-1);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(３段目左)+(0,1.8)$) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 水層\bf{C}} -- ++(0,.5) -- ($(３段目右)+(0,2.3)$) -- ++(0,-.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize エーテル層\bf{D}};
\draw ($(３段目左)+(-1.2,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{COO-}} ++(2.2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw ($(３段目右)+(-1.8,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\Benzene\ihspace{2zw}\phenyl**{OH}} ++(3.6,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw (３段目右) -- node [anchor=west] {\small ＋水酸化ナトリウム} ++(0,-1);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(４段目左)+(0,1.8)$) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 水層\bf{E}} -- ++(0,.5) -- ($(４段目右)+(0,2.3)$) -- ++(0,-.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize エーテル層\bf{F}};
\draw ($(４段目左)+(-.9,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{O-}} ++(1.8,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw ($(４段目右)+(-.6,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\Benzene} ++(1.2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1
\小見出し{高２例題39−２}


\noindent\ajKakko1
\nopagebreak

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
\path
coordinate (１段目) at (0,0)
coordinate (２段目左) at (-5,-4)
coordinate (２段目右) at (3,-4)
coordinate (２段目左の下) at (-5,-7.5)
coordinate (３段目左) at (-1,-7.5)
coordinate (３段目右) at (5,-7.5)
coordinate (３段目左の下) at (-1,-11)
coordinate (４段目左) at (3,-11)
coordinate (４段目右) at (7.5,-11)
coordinate (４段目左の下) at (3,-14)
coordinate (４段目右の下) at (7.5,-14);
%\draw[step=.5cm,gray,very thin] (-6,3)  grid (10,-12);
%\fill [fill=black] (１段目) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (２段目左) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (２段目右) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (２段目左の下) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (３段目左) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (３段目右) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (３段目左の下) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (４段目左) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (４段目右) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (４段目左の下) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (４段目右の下) circle [radius=2pt];
\draw ($(１段目)+(-6.2,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\chemnameinit{\ophenyl{NO2}{CH3}}\chemname{\ophenyl{OH}{COOH}}{\small サリチル酸}\ihspace{2zw}\chemname{\ophenyl{NO2}{CH3}}{\small\ortho ニトロトルエン}\ihspace{3.5zw}\chemname{\mphenyl{NO2}{NH2}}{\small\meta ニトロアニリン}\ihspace{3zw}\chemname{\ce{C9H19}\pphenyl\ce{OH}}{\small\para ノニルフェノール}} node [anchor=south,yshift=2.5cm] {\footnotesize クロロホルム溶液} ++(12.4,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw (１段目) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋塩酸} ++(0,-1);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(２段目左)+(0,2.5)$) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 水層１} -- ++(0,.5) -- ($(２段目右)+(0,3)$) -- ++(0,-.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize クロロホルム層１};
\draw ($(２段目左)+(-1.1,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\mphenyl{NO2}{NH3+}} ++(2.2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw ($(２段目右)+(-4.4,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\ophenyl{OH}{COOH}\ihspace{2zw}\ophenyl{NO2}{CH3}\ihspace{2zw}\ce{C9H19}\pphenyl\ce{OH}} ++(8.8,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw [->,>=stealth'] (２段目左) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋水酸化ナトリウム水溶液} ++(0,-1) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize クロロホルムで抽出};
\draw ($(２段目左の下)+(-1.05,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\mphenyl{NO2}{NH2}} node [anchor=north] {\bf{A}} ++(2.1,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw (２段目右) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液} ++(0,-1);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(３段目左)+(0,2)$) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 水層２} -- ++(0,.5) -- ($(３段目右)+(0,2.5)$) -- ++(0,-.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize クロロホルム層２};
\draw ($(３段目左)+(-1.25,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\ophenyl{OH}{COO-}} ++(2.5,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw ($(３段目右)+(-2.9,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\ophenyl{NO2}{CH3}\ihspace{2zw}\ce{C9H19}\pphenyl\ce{OH}} ++(5.8,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw [->,>=stealth'] (３段目左) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋塩酸} ++(0,-1.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize クロロホルムで抽出};
\draw ($(３段目左の下)+(-1.3,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\ophenyl{OH}{COOH}} node [anchor=north] {\bf{B}} ++(2.6,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw (３段目右) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋水酸化ナトリウム水溶液} ++(0,-1);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(４段目左)+(0,2)$) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 水層３} -- ++(0,.5) -- ($(４段目右)+(0,2.5)$) -- ++(0,-.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize クロロホルム層３};
\draw ($(４段目左)+(-1.6,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\支柱{\ophenyl{NO2}{CH3}}\ce{C9H19}\pphenyl\ce{O-}} ++(3.2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw ($(４段目右)+(-1.1,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\ophenyl{NO2}{CH3}} ++(2.2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw [->,>=stealth'] (４段目左) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋塩酸} ++(0,-1) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize クロロホルムで抽出};
\draw ($(４段目左の下)+(-1.65,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\支柱{\ophenyl{NO2}{CH3}}\ce{C9H19}\pphenyl\ce{OH}} node [anchor=north] {\bf{C}} ++(3.3,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw [->,>=stealth'] (４段目右) -- ++(0,-1) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize クロロホルムを除く};
\draw ($(４段目右の下)+(-1.1,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\ophenyl{NO2}{CH3}} node [anchor=north] {\bf{D}} ++(2.2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1

\noindent\ajKakko3
\nopagebreak

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
\path
coordinate (２段目右) at (3,-4)
coordinate (３段目左) at (1.5,-7.5)
coordinate (３段目右) at (7,-7.5);
%\draw[step=.5cm,gray,very thin] (-3,-2)  grid (8,-8);
%\fill [fill=black] (２段目右) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (３段目左) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (３段目右) circle [radius=2pt];
\draw ($(２段目右)+(-4.4,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\ophenyl{OH}{COOH}\ihspace{2zw}\ophenyl{NO2}{CH3}\ihspace{2zw}\ce{C9H19}\pphenyl\ce{OH}} node [anchor=south,yshift=1.5cm] {\footnotesize クロロホルム層１} ++(8.8,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw (２段目右) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋水酸化ナトリウム水溶液} ++(0,-1);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(３段目左)+(0,2)$) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 水層（白く濁った）} -- ++(0,.5) -- ($(３段目右)+(0,2.5)$) -- ++(0,-.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize クロロホルム層};
\draw ($(３段目左)+(-2.95,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\ophenyl{O-}{COO-}\ihspace{2zw}\ce{C9H19}\pphenyl\ce{O-}} ++(5.9,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw ($(３段目右)+(-1.1,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\ophenyl{NO2}{CH3}} ++(2.2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\end{tikzpicture}


\br1



\小見出し{高３の抽出練習問題}

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
\path
coordinate (１段目) at (0,0)
coordinate (２段目左) at (-5.3,-3.5)
coordinate (２段目右) at (2.5,-3.5)
coordinate (２段目左の下) at (-5.3,-7)
coordinate (３段目左) at (-1.2,-7)
coordinate (３段目右) at (4.5,-7)
coordinate (３段目左の下) at (-1.2,-10.5)
coordinate (４段目左) at (2.3,-10.5)
coordinate (４段目右) at (7,-10.5)
coordinate (４段目左の下) at (2.3,-14)
coordinate (５段目左) at (5.4,-14)
coordinate (５段目右) at (8.6,-14);
%\draw[step=.5cm,gray,very thin] (-6,3)  grid (10,-16);
%\fill [fill=black] (１段目) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (２段目左) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (２段目右) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (２段目左の下) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (３段目左) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (３段目右) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (３段目左の下) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (４段目左) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (４段目右) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (４段目左の下) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (５段目左) circle [radius=2pt];
%\fill [fill=black] (５段目右) circle [radius=2pt];
\draw ($(１段目)+(-6.5,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\chemnameinit{}\chemname{\phenyl**{OH}}{\small フェノール}\ihspace{2zw}\chemname{\phenyl**{COOH}}{\small 安息香酸}\ihspace{2zw}\chemname{\phenyl**{NH2}}{\small アニリン}\ihspace{2zw}\chemname{\phenyl**{CH3}}{\small トルエン}\ihspace{2zw}\chemname{\phenyl**{NO2}}{\small ニトロベンゼン}} ++(13,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw (１段目) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋希塩酸} ++(0,-1);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(２段目左)+(0,2)$) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 水層１} -- ++(0,.5) -- ($(２段目右)+(0,2.5)$) -- ++(0,-.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize エーテル層１};
\draw ($(２段目左)+(-1.1,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{NH3+}} ++(2.2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw ($(２段目右)+(-5,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{OH}\ihspace{2zw}\phenyl**{COOH}\ihspace{2zw}\phenyl**{CH3}\ihspace{2zw}\phenyl**{NO2}} ++(10,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw [->,>=stealth'] (２段目左) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋水酸化ナトリウム水溶液} ++(0,-1.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize エーテルで抽出};
\draw ($(２段目左の下)+(-1.05,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{NH2}} ++(2.1,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw (２段目右) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液} ++(0,-1);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(３段目左)+(0,2)$) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 水層２} -- ++(0,.5) -- ($(３段目右)+(0,2.5)$) -- ++(0,-.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize エーテル層２};
\draw ($(３段目左)+(-1.25,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{COO-}} ++(2.5,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw ($(３段目右)+(-3.5,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{OH}\ihspace{2zw}\phenyl**{CH3}\ihspace{2zw}\phenyl**{NO2}} ++(7,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw [->,>=stealth'] (３段目左) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋希塩酸} ++(0,-1.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize エーテルで抽出};
\draw ($(３段目左の下)+(-1.3,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{COOH}} ++(2.6,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw (３段目右) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋水酸化ナトリウム水溶液} ++(0,-1);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(４段目左)+(0,2)$) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 水層３} -- ++(0,.5) -- ($(４段目右)+(0,2.5)$) -- ++(0,-.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize エーテル層３};
\draw ($(４段目左)+(-.9,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{O-}} ++(1.8,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw ($(４段目右)+(-2.3,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{CH3}\ihspace{2zw}\phenyl**{NO2}} ++(4.6,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw [->,>=stealth'] (４段目左) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋希塩酸} ++(0,-1.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize エーテルで抽出};
\draw ($(４段目左の下)+(-1,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{OH}} ++(2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw (４段目右) -- node [anchor=west] {\footnotesize ＋蒸留} ++(0,-1);
\draw [<->,>=stealth'] ($(５段目左)+(0,2)$) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 低沸点} -- ++(0,.5) -- ($(５段目右)+(0,2.5)$) -- ++(0,-.5) node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize 高沸点};
\draw ($(５段目左)+(-1.1,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{CH3}} ++(2.2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\draw ($(５段目右)+(-1.1,.25)$) -- ++(0,-.25) -- node [anchor=south] {\phenyl**{NO2}} ++(2.2,0) -- ++(0,.25);
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1





\小見出し{矢印図}
\br{.5}


\newcommand{\矢印図用矢印}[4][very thick]{%%%%#1:drawオプション，#2:原点，#3:矢印の長さ（倍率），#4:上に書くこと
\draw [#1] #2 -- ++($(-0.3,#3)$) -- ++(-0.3,-0.1) -- ++(0.6,1.2) #4 -- ++(0.6,-1.2) -- ++(-0.3,0.1) -- cycle;}


\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
\矢印図用矢印{(0,0)}{3}{node [anchor=south] {\small 酸の強さ}}
\矢印図用矢印[rotate around={180:($(6,1.1+3)$)},very thick]{($(6,1.1+3)$)}{3}{node [anchor=north] {\small 塩基の強さ}}
\node [anchor=west] at (1,{(1.1+3)/2}) {\parboxx{\centering\baselineskip=25pt \ce{A}\\\ce{B}\\\ce{C}\\\ce{D}}};
\node [anchor=east] at ({-1+6},{(1.1+3)/2}) {\parboxx{\centering\baselineskip=25pt \ce{W}\\\ce{X}\\\ce{Y}\\\ce{Z}}};
\draw [draw=black,ultra thick,dotted] (1.25,0.74) circle [radius=0.28cm];
\draw [draw=black,ultra thick] (1.25,1.6) circle [radius=0.28cm];
\draw [draw=black,ultra thick,dotted] (4.7,3.4) circle [radius=0.28cm];
\draw [draw=black,ultra thick] (4.7,2.5) circle [radius=0.28cm];
\draw [<->,>=stealth',ultra thick] (1.4,1.65) node [above right,xshift=0.2cm,yshift=0.1cm] {\ajMaru1} -- (4.55,2.45);
\draw [<->,>=stealth',ultra thick,dotted] (1.4,0.84) node [below right,xshift=0.2cm,yshift=0.35cm] {\ajMaru2} -- (4.55,3.3);
\end{tikzpicture}
\br1



\newcommand{\矢印図}[2]{%%%#1:矢印図の横幅，#2:矢印図の縦幅
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
\矢印図用矢印{(0,0)}{#2}{node [anchor=south] {\small 酸の強さ}}
\矢印図用矢印[rotate around={180:($(#1,1.1+#2)$)},very thick]{($(#1,1.1+#2)$)}{#2}{node [anchor=north] {\small 塩基の強さ}}
\end{tikzpicture}
}

\newcommand{\矢印図中身あり}[4]{%%%#1:矢印図の横幅，#2:矢印図の縦幅，#3:左列の中身，#4:右列の中身
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
\矢印図用矢印{(0,0)}{#2}{node [anchor=south] {\small 酸の強さ}}
\矢印図用矢印[rotate around={180:($(#1,1.1+#2)$)},very thick]{($(#1,1.1+#2)$)}{#2}{node [anchor=north] {\small 塩基の強さ}}
\node [anchor=west] at (1,{(1.1+#2)/2}) {\parboxx{\centering\baselineskip=25pt #3}};
\node [anchor=east] at ({-1+#1},{(1.1+#2)/2}) {\parboxx{\centering\baselineskip=25pt #4}};
\end{tikzpicture}
}


\newcommand{\酸化還元矢印図}[2]{%%%#1:矢印図の横幅，#2:矢印図の縦幅
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
\矢印図用矢印{(0,0)}{#2}{node [anchor=south] {\small 還元剤の強さ}}
\矢印図用矢印[rotate around={180:($(#1,1.1+#2)$)},very thick]{($(#1,1.1+#2)$)}{#2}{node [anchor=north] {\small 酸化剤の強さ}}
\end{tikzpicture}
}

\newcommand{\酸化還元矢印図中身あり}[5][]{%%%#1:オプションで標準電極電位の数値，#2:矢印図の横幅，#3:矢印図の縦幅，#4:左列の中身，#5:右列の中身
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
\矢印図用矢印{(0,0)}{#3}{node [anchor=south] {\small 還元剤の強さ}}
\矢印図用矢印[rotate around={180:($(#2,1.1+#3)$)},very thick]{($(#2,1.1+#3)$)}{#3}{node [anchor=north] {\small 酸化剤の強さ}}
\node [anchor=west] at (1,{(1.1+#3)/2}) {\parboxx{\centering\baselineskip=25pt #4}};
\node [anchor=east] at ({-1+#2},{(1.1+#3)/2}) {\parboxx{\centering\baselineskip=25pt #5}};
\node [anchor=west] at ({1+#2},{(1.1+#3)/2}) {\parboxx{\centering\baselineskip=25pt #1}};
\node [anchor=south west] at ({0.8+#2},{1.1+#3}) {\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{}{\textgt{標準電極電位}}};
\end{tikzpicture}
}




\矢印図{5}{1.5}
\br1

\矢印図中身あり{6}{2}{\ce{H3O+}\\\ce{CH3COOH}\\\ce{H2O}}{\ce{H2O}\\\ce{CH3COO-}\\\ce{OH-}}
\br1

\酸化還元矢印図{5}{1.5}
\br1

\酸化還元矢印図中身あり[$-0.7618$\\$0$\\$0.3419$]{6}{1.5}{\ce{Zn}\\\ce{H2}\\\ce{Cu}}{\ce{Zn^2+ + 2e-}\\\ce{2H+ + 2e-}\\\ce{Cu^2+ + 2e-}}

\br1
\小見出し{高２例題４３−３状況（陽イオン交換樹脂の交換容量測定）}


\br1


\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,scale=0.8]
%\draw[step=.5cm,gray,very thin] (-8,0) grid (10,15);
\path
coordinate (ビーカー下中心) at (-8,0)
coordinate (雫上端) at ($(ビーカー下中心)+(0.5,4.5)$)
coordinate (カラム左上) at ($(雫上端)+(-11.25pt,6.5)+(-4pt,0)$)
coordinate (左角) at ($(カラム左上)+(0,-4.5)$);
\draw (ビーカー下中心) circle [x radius=1.5,y radius=0.5];
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心)+(-1.5,0)$) -- ++(0,2.8) .. controls +(0pt,5pt) .. +(-2pt,10pt);
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心)+(1.5,0)$) -- ++(0,2.8) .. controls +(0pt,5pt) .. +(2pt,10pt);
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心)+(-0.45,2.45)$) .. controls +(-1pt,3pt) and +(3pt,-1pt) .. +(-10pt,10pt) arc [start angle=240,end angle=-95,x radius=1.6,y radius=0.5] .. controls +(-3pt,-0.5pt) and +(3pt,0) .. ++(-10pt,-9pt) .. controls +(-3pt,0) and +(2pt,-1pt) .. ++(-7pt,9pt);
\fill [fill=black!30!white] ($(カラム左上)+(0,-1.5)$) -- (左角) arc [start angle=180,end angle=270,radius=11.25pt] -- ++(8pt,0) arc [start angle=270,end angle=360,radius=11.25pt] -- ++(0,3) -- cycle;
\draw (カラム左上) -- ++(0,-4.5) arc [start angle=180,end angle=270,radius=11.25pt] -- ++(0,-1) arc [start angle=180,end angle=360,x radius=4pt,y radius=2pt] -- ++(0,1) arc [start angle=270,end angle=360,radius=11.25pt] -- +(0,4.5);
\foreach \x in {3,6,...,27}
\foreach \y in {0,5,...,90}
\fill [fill=black] ($(左角)+(0.5pt,-5pt)+(\x pt,\y pt)$) circle [radius=0.5pt];
\foreach \x in {3,6,...,30}
\foreach \y in {0,5,...,85}
\fill [fill=black] ($(左角)+(-1pt,-2.5pt)+(\x pt,\y pt)$) circle [radius=0.5pt];
\fill [fill=black!30!white] (左角) arc [start angle=180,end angle=270,radius=11.25pt] -- ++(8pt,0) arc [start angle=270,end angle=360,radius=11.25pt] arc [start angle=0,end angle=-180,x radius=15.25pt,y radius=3pt] -- cycle;
\draw ($(左角)+(11.25pt,-11.25pt)$) arc [start angle=270,end angle=180,radius=11.25pt] arc [start angle=180,end angle=360,x radius=15.25pt,y radius=3pt] arc [start angle=0,end angle=-90,radius=11.25pt];
\filldraw [fill=white] ($(雫上端)+(0,5)$) ellipse [x radius=15.25pt,y radius=3pt];
\draw ($(カラム左上)+(0.75,-3)$) -- +(0.75,0) node [anchor=west] {\parboxx{\small 陽イオン交換樹脂\\\centering $25\,\g$}};
\begin{scope}[rotate=65,scale=0.95]
\path
coordinate (メスフラスコ下中心) at ($(ビーカー下中心)+(11.5,0)$);
\draw (メスフラスコ下中心) circle [x radius=0.8,y radius=0.23];
\draw ($(メスフラスコ下中心)+(-0.2,1.5)$) -- ++(0,2.3) .. controls +(0pt,5pt) .. +(-2pt,10pt);
\draw ($(メスフラスコ下中心)+(0.2,1.5)$) -- ++(0,2.3) .. controls +(0pt,5pt) .. +(2pt,10pt);
\draw ($(メスフラスコ下中心)+(-0.2,1.5)$) -- ++(-.6,-1) arc [start angle=149,end angle=214,radius=14.4pt];
\draw ($(メスフラスコ下中心)+(0.2,1.5)$) -- ++(.6,-1) arc [start angle=31,end angle=-34,radius=14.4pt];
\draw ($(メスフラスコ下中心)+(0,4.18)$) circle [x radius=0.3,y radius=0.08];
\end{scope}
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心)+(2.48,10.9)$) circle [x radius=0.39,y radius=0.06];
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心)+(4,10.5)$) -- +(0,1.25) node [anchor=south] {\small $0.20\,\molL$ \ce{CaCl2}水溶液$200\,\mL$};
\path
coordinate (ビーカー下中心２) at (0,0)
coordinate (雫上端) at ($(ビーカー下中心２)+(0.5,4.5)$)
coordinate (カラム左上) at ($(雫上端)+(-11.25pt,6.5)+(-4pt,0)$)
coordinate (左角) at ($(カラム左上)+(0,-4.5)$);
\draw (ビーカー下中心２) circle [x radius=1.5,y radius=0.5];
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心２)+(0,1.7)$) circle [x radius=1.5,y radius=0.5];
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心２)+(-1.5,0)$) -- ++(0,2.8) .. controls +(0pt,5pt) .. +(-2pt,10pt);
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心２)+(1.5,0)$) -- ++(0,2.8) .. controls +(0pt,5pt) .. +(2pt,10pt);
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心２)+(-0.45,2.45)$) .. controls +(-1pt,3pt) and +(3pt,-1pt) .. +(-10pt,10pt) arc [start angle=240,end angle=-95,x radius=1.6,y radius=0.5] .. controls +(-3pt,-0.5pt) and +(3pt,0) .. ++(-10pt,-9pt) .. controls +(-3pt,0) and +(2pt,-1pt) .. ++(-7pt,9pt);
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心２)+(-1,.5)$) -- +(-1,-.25) node [anchor=east] {\small 流出液};
\begin{scope}[rotate=65,scale=0.95]
\path
coordinate (メスフラスコ下中心) at ($(ビーカー下中心)+(8,-10)$);
\draw (メスフラスコ下中心) circle [x radius=0.8,y radius=0.23];
\draw ($(メスフラスコ下中心)+(-0.2,1.5)$) -- ++(0,2.3) .. controls +(0pt,5pt) .. +(-2pt,10pt);
\draw ($(メスフラスコ下中心)+(0.2,1.5)$) -- ++(0,2.3) .. controls +(0pt,5pt) .. +(2pt,10pt);
\draw ($(メスフラスコ下中心)+(-0.2,1.5)$) -- ++(-.6,-1) arc [start angle=149,end angle=214,radius=14.4pt];
\draw ($(メスフラスコ下中心)+(0.2,1.5)$) -- ++(.6,-1) arc [start angle=31,end angle=-34,radius=14.4pt];
\draw ($(メスフラスコ下中心)+(0,4.18)$) circle [x radius=0.3,y radius=0.08];
\end{scope}
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心２)+(1.73,3.85)$) circle [x radius=0.39,y radius=0.06];
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心２)+(3.25,3.45)$) -- +(0,1.25) node [anchor=south] {\small 十分量の\ce{Na2CO3}水溶液};
\path
coordinate (ビーカー下中心３) at (8,0)
coordinate (雫上端) at ($(ビーカー下中心３)+(0.5,4.5)$)
coordinate (カラム左上) at ($(雫上端)+(-11.25pt,6.5)+(-4pt,0)$)
coordinate (左角) at ($(カラム左上)+(0,-4.5)$);
\draw (ビーカー下中心３) circle [x radius=1.5,y radius=0.5];
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心３)+(0,1.7)$) circle [x radius=1.5,y radius=0.5];
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心３)+(-1.5,0)$) -- ++(0,2.8) .. controls +(0pt,5pt) .. +(-2pt,10pt);
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心３)+(1.5,0)$) -- ++(0,2.8) .. controls +(0pt,5pt) .. +(2pt,10pt);
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心３)+(-0.45,2.45)$) .. controls +(-1pt,3pt) and +(3pt,-1pt) .. +(-10pt,10pt) arc [start angle=240,end angle=-95,x radius=1.6,y radius=0.5] .. controls +(-3pt,-0.5pt) and +(3pt,0) .. ++(-10pt,-9pt) .. controls +(-3pt,0) and +(2pt,-1pt) .. ++(-7pt,9pt);
\foreach \x in {1,12,2,11,3,10,4,9,5,8,6,7}
\filldraw [fill=black!30!white,draw=black] ($(ビーカー下中心３)+(-.6,0)+(\x mm,0)$) circle [radius=2pt];
\foreach \x in {1,10,2,9,3,8,4,7,5,6}
\filldraw [fill=black!30!white,draw=black] ($(ビーカー下中心３)+(-.5,.08)+(\x mm,0)$) circle [radius=2pt];
\foreach \x in {1,7,2,6,3,5,4}
\filldraw [fill=black!30!white,draw=black] ($(ビーカー下中心３)+(-.3,.16)+(\x mm,0)$) circle [radius=2pt];
\foreach \x in {1,2.5}
\filldraw [fill=black!30!white,draw=black] ($(ビーカー下中心３)+(-.11,.32)+(\x mm,0)$) circle [radius=2pt];
\foreach \x in {1,4,3,2}
\filldraw [fill=black!30!white,draw=black] ($(ビーカー下中心３)+(-.2,.24)+(\x mm,0)$) circle [radius=2pt];
\draw ($(ビーカー下中心３)+(-.1,.08)$) -- +(-1.8,-.45) node [anchor=east] {\small $3.0\,\g$の白色沈殿};
\draw [->,>=stealth'] ($(ビーカー下中心)+(2.2,1.25)$) -- node [anchor=south] {\footnotesize 陽イオン交換樹脂に} node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize \ce{CaCl2}水溶液を通す} ($(ビーカー下中心２)+(-2.2,1.25)$);
\draw [->,>=stealth'] ($(ビーカー下中心２)+(2.2,1.25)$) -- node [anchor=south] {\footnotesize 流出液に} node [anchor=north] {\footnotesize \ce{Na2CO3}水溶液を加える} ($(ビーカー下中心３)+(-2.2,1.25)$);
\end{tikzpicture}


\br1


\小見出し{ヘミアセタール構造}

\br{.5}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
\draw (0,0) arc [start angle=75,end angle=333,x radius=1.2,y radius=0.6];
\node at (0,0) [below right,yshift=0.38cm,xshift=-0.1cm] {\cfig{O -[7,2.1] C(-[2,2] H)(-[6,2] OH)}};
\node at (2.2,-.8) {\ce{<=>}};
\draw (4.8,0) arc [start angle=75,end angle=333,x radius=1.2,y radius=0.6];
\node at (4.8,0) [below right,yshift=0.23cm,xshift=-0.03cm] {\cfig{OH -[7,2.1,1,1,white] C(=[6,2] O) -[,2] H}};
\end{tikzpicture}



\br1

\小見出し{流れる気体}
\br{.5}
\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
\filldraw [fill=black!55!white] (0,0) -- ++(0,-2) -- node [below] {\small $127\DegC$の恒温槽} ++(4,0) -- ++(0,2) -- cycle;
\filldraw [fill=white] (2,-1) ellipse [x radius=1.6, y radius=0.8];
\filldraw [draw=black,pattern=crosshatch dots] (2,-1) ellipse [x radius=1.6, y radius=0.8];
\fill [fill=white] (-0.3,-0.8) -- ++(0.75,0) -- ++(0,-0.4) -- ++(-0.75,0) -- cycle;
\draw [draw=black] (-0.3,-0.8) -- ++(0.75,0);
\draw [draw=black] (-0.3,-1.2) -- ++(0.75,0);
\fill [fill=white] (4.3,-0.8) -- ++(-0.75,0) -- ++(0,-0.4) -- ++(0.75,0) -- cycle;
\draw [draw=black] (4.3,-0.8) -- ++(-0.75,0);
\draw [draw=black] (4.3,-1.2) -- ++(-0.75,0);
\fill [fill=black!40!white] (1.45,-1.45) -- ++(0,-0.25) -- ++(1.1,0) -- ++(0,0.25) -- cycle;
\draw (1.45,-1.3) -- ++(0,-0.4) -- ++(1.1,0) -- ++(0,0.4);
\node [above,rectangle,fill=white] at (2,-1) {\small リン蒸気};
\draw [draw=black] (2.2,-1.55) -- (4.2,-1.8) node [right] {\small 液体リン};
\draw [->,>=stealth'] (-0.65,-1) node [left] {\small アルゴン}-- ++(0.5,0);
\draw [->,>=stealth'] (4.15,-1) -- ++(0.5,0) node [right] {\small アルゴンとリンの混合気体};
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1

\小見出し{滴定の誤差（高３演習りんごセット）}

\br{.5}

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,>=stealth]
\filldraw [very thin,draw=gray,fill=black!20!white] ($(0,0.05)+(0,-4.1)$) -- (0,-2.2) -- ++(0.3,-0.2) -- (1.7,-2.4) -- ++(0.3,0.2) -- ($(2,0.05)+(0,-4.1)$);
\draw (0,0.05) -- ++(0,-4.1);
\draw (2,0.05) -- ++(0,-4.1);
\foreach \y in {0, -0.3, ..., -4.2}
\draw (1.6,\y) -- ++(0.4,0);
\draw [thick] (1,-0.3) -- ++(1,0) node [right] {15};
\draw [thick] (1,-3.3) -- ++(1,0) node [right] {16};
\draw (1.3,-1.8) -- ++(0.7,0);
\draw [thin,densely dashed] (2,-2.4) -- ++(1,0);
\coordinate (目の中心) at (3.5,-2.4);
\draw ($(目の中心)+(-0.1,0.42)$) -- ($(目の中心)+(1,0)$) -- ($(目の中心)+(-0.1,-0.42)$);
\draw [fill=black] (目の中心) ellipse [x radius=0.1, y radius=0.38];
\draw [fill=white] ($(目の中心)+(-0.04,0.2)$) circle [radius=0.04];
\draw [very thin] ($(目の中心)+(-0.1,0.42)$) .. controls +(0,0.03) .. +(0.1,0.1);
\draw [very thin] ($(目の中心)+(-0.08,0.417)$) .. controls +(0.02,0.02) .. +(0.13,0.07);
\draw [very thin] ($(目の中心)+(-0.06,0.414)$) .. controls +(0.025,0.015) .. +(0.16,0.04);
\draw  (4.8,-1.9) circle [radius=0.1];
\draw  (5.2,-1.67) circle [radius=0.2];
\draw  (5.8,-1.35) circle [radius=0.3];
\draw  (9,-0.8) ellipse [x radius=2.6, y radius=1] node {\small\parboxx{$15.7\,\mL$に見えるけど，本当の\\値は$15.65$〜$15.75$のどれか}};
\end{tikzpicture}


\br1

\小見出し{U字管浸透圧}

\br{.5}

\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]
\path
coordinate (１) at (0,0)
coordinate (上) at ($(１)+(0,2.5)$)
coordinate (右) at ($(１)+(0.75,0)$)
coordinate (右上) at ($(右)+(上)-(１)$)
coordinate (２) at ($(１)+(2.25,0)$)
coordinate (２右) at ($(２)+(右)-(１)$)
coordinate (２上) at ($(２)+(0,2.5)-(１)$)
coordinate (２右上) at ($(２右)+(0,2.5)-(１)$)
coordinate (液面左) at ($(１)+(0,1.125)$)
coordinate (液面右) at ($(２)+(0,1.125)$)
coordinate (中心) at ($(右)!.5!(２)$);
%\draw [thick] (上) -- (右上);
\draw [thick] (１) -- (上);
\draw [thick] (右) -- (右上);
\draw [thick] (２) -- (２上);
\draw [thick] (２右) -- (２右上);
\draw [thick] (右) arc [start angle=180, end angle=360, radius=0.75];
\draw [thick] (１) arc [start angle=180, end angle=360, radius=1.5];
\draw (液面左) -- ++($(右)-(１)$);
\draw (液面右) -- ++($(右)-(１)$);
\draw [thick,densely dashed] ($(中心)+(0,-.75)$) -- ++(0,-.75);
%\draw [thick,densely dashed] ($(中心)+(0,-1.25)$) -- ++(0,-.75);
\draw [->,>=stealth'] ($(液面右)+(1.5,-1)$) -- node [above] {\scriptsize\parboxx{液面が移動}} ++(2,0);
\draw [densely dotted] (液面左) -- ++(10.5,0);
\path
coordinate (１) at (7.5,0)
coordinate (上) at ($(１)+(0,2.5)$)
coordinate (右) at ($(１)+(0.75,0)$)
coordinate (右上) at ($(右)+(上)-(１)$)
coordinate (２) at ($(１)+(2.25,0)$)
coordinate (２右) at ($(２)+(右)-(１)$)
coordinate (２上) at ($(２)+(0,2.5)$)
coordinate (２右上) at ($(２右)+(0,2.5)$)
coordinate (液面左) at ($(１)+(0,1.75)$)
coordinate (液面右) at ($(２)+(0,.5)$)
coordinate (中心) at ($(右)!.5!(２)$);
%\draw [thick] (上) -- (右上);
\draw [thick] (１) -- (上);
\draw [thick] (右) -- (右上);
\draw [thick] (２) -- (２上);
\draw [thick] (２右) -- (２右上);
\draw [thick] (右) arc [start angle=180, end angle=360, radius=0.75];
\draw [thick] (１) arc [start angle=180, end angle=360, radius=1.5];
\draw (液面左) -- ++($(右)-(１)$);
\draw (液面右) -- ++($(右)-(１)$);
\draw [thick,densely dashed] ($(中心)+(0,-.75)$) -- ++(0,-.75);
\draw [->,>=stealth',very thick] ($(１)+(0.375,1.125)$) -- node [left,xshift=-8] {\footnotesize $3.23\,\cm$} ($(液面左)+(0.375,0)$);
\draw [->,>=stealth',very thick] ($(２)+(0.375,1.125)$) -- node [right,xshift=8] {\footnotesize $3.23\,\cm$} ($(液面右)+(0.375,0)$);
\draw [dashed] (液面左) -- ++(1.25,0);
\draw [dashed] (液面右) -- ++(-1.5,0);
\draw [<->,>=stealth',thick] ($(液面左)+(1,0)$) -- node [right] {\footnotesize\parboxx{液面差\\$6.46\,\cm$}} ($(液面右)+(-1.25,0)$);
\end{tikzpicture}


\end{document}