温度$T$一定条件下において$P,V$を変化させる場合

\documentclass[b5j,9pt,twocolumn]{tetsujsarticle}
\usepackage{tetsuchem}
\pagestyle{fancy}

\余白設定[
上余白=1truecm,
下余白=上余白,
左余白=1.414truecm,
左右差=0truecm,
段間隔=4zw,
段組の仕切り線の太さ=.5truept,
ヘッダの縦幅=16truept,
ヘッダ下端と本文上端の縦間隔=10truept,
ヘッダと本文を仕切る線の太さ=0truept,
本文下端とフッタ下端の縦間隔=20truept,
本文とフッタを仕切る線の太さ=0truept,
傍注領域の幅=0truept,
本文端と傍注領域との間隔=0truept,
傍注同士の縦間隔=\baselineskip,
奇数ページの傍注位置=右,
偶数ページの傍注位置=左,
]


\begin{document}
{\large\gtfamily\一字ぶら下げ{\ajKaku1}{凝縮しない気体の$P-V-T$グラフ}}

\br{0.5}
\小見出し{温度$T$一定条件下において$P,V$を変化させる場合}

\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:3,x=20,y=20,>=stealth]
    \draw[->] (0,0) -- (5,0) node at +(0.4,0) {$V$}; 
    \draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,5) node at +(0,0.4) {$P$};
    \draw[domain=0.2083:4.8, smooth, ultra thick] plot (\x,{1/\x}) node at +(-2,1.5) {$PV$＝（一定）};
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1
\小見出し{圧力$P$一定条件下において温度$T$を変化させる場合}

\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:3,x=20,y=20,>=stealth]
    \draw[->] (0,0) -- (5,0) node at +(0.4,0) {$T$}; 
    \draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,5) node at +(0,0.4) {$V$};
    \draw[domain=0:4.8, smooth, ultra thick] plot (\x,\x) node at +(-1,-3.25) {$\bun{V}{T}=$（一定）};
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1
\小見出し{体積$V$一定条件下において温度$T$を変化させる場合}

\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:3,x=20,y=20,>=stealth]
    \draw[->] (0,0) -- (5,0) node at +(0.4,0) {$T$}; 
    \draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,5) node at +(0,0.4) {$P$};
    \draw[domain=0:4.8, smooth, ultra thick] plot (\x,\x) node at +(-1,-3.25) {$\bun{P}{T}=$（一定）};
\end{tikzpicture}

\newpage
{\large\gtfamily\一字ぶら下げ{\ajKaku2}{凝縮する気体の$P-V-T$グラフ}}

\br{0.5}
\小見出し{温度$T$一定条件下において$P,V$を変化させる場合}

\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:3,x=20,y=20,>=stealth,ray1/.style={decoration={markings,mark=between positions 0.17 and 1 step 0.55 with {\arrow[>=latex]{>}}},postaction=decorate},ray2/.style={decoration={markings,mark=at position .6 with {\arrow[>=latex]{>}}},postaction=decorate}]
    \draw[->] (0,0) -- (5,0) node at +(0.4,0) {$V$}; 
    \draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,5) node at +(0,0.4) {$P$};
    \draw[ray2,domain=3.2:0.494,ultra thick] plot (1.5*\x,{1/\x}) node at +(3,-1) {$PV$＝（一定）};
    \draw[domain=0.2083:0.5,smooth,densely dashed] plot (1.5*\x,{1/\x});
    \draw[ray1,ultra thick] (0.775,2) -- (0.1,2) -- (0.1,4.8);
\draw[<-] (0.8,2.1) -- +(1,0.5) node[right,inner sep=0pt,outer sep=0pt]{凝縮開始};
\draw[<-] (0.1,1.9) -- +(0.5,-2.25) node[below right,inner sep=0pt,outer sep=0pt]{凝縮終了};
\node at (-0.5,2) {$P_{飽和}$};
\end{tikzpicture}


\br1
\小見出し{圧力$P$一定条件下において温度$T$を変化させる場合}

\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:3,x=20,y=20,>=stealth,ray/.style={decoration={markings,mark=between positions 0.15 and 0.95 step 0.28 with {\arrowreversed[>=latex]{>}}},postaction=decorate}]
    \draw[->] (0,0) -- (5,0) node at +(0.4,0) {$T$}; 
    \draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,5) node at +(0,0.4) {$V$};
    \draw[domain=0:2, smooth, densely dashed] plot (\x,\x);
    \draw[ray,ultra thick] (0.08,0.08) -- (2,0.08) -- (2,2) -- (4.8,4.8) node at +(0.5,-1.5) {$\bun{V}{T}=$（一定）};
\draw[<-] (2.1,1.9) -- +(1,-0.5) node[right,inner sep=0pt,outer sep=0pt]{凝縮開始};
\draw[<-] (2.1,0.1) -- +(1,0.5) node[right,inner sep=0pt,outer sep=0pt]{凝縮終了};
\node at (2,-0.4) {$T_{沸点}$};
\end{tikzpicture}

\br1
\小見出し{体積$V$一定条件下において温度$T$を変化させる場合}

\begin{tikzpicture}[domain=0:3,x=20,y=20,>=stealth,ray1/.style={decoration={markings,mark=at position .6 with {\arrowreversed[>=latex]{>}}},postaction=decorate},ray2/.style={decoration={markings,mark=at position .6 with {\arrow[>=latex]{>}}},postaction=decorate}]
    \draw[->] (0,0) -- (5,0) node at +(0.4,0) {$T$}; 
    \draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,5) node at +(0,0.4) {$P$};
    \draw[domain=0:2.5, smooth, densely dashed] plot (\x,\x);
    \draw[ray1,ultra thick] (2.5,2.5) -- (4.8,4.8) node at +(1,-1) {$\bun{P}{T}=$（一定）};
    \draw[ray2,domain=2.5045:0,ultra thick] plot (\x,{0.2858*(\x+\x^2)});
    \draw[domain=2.5:3.6,smooth,densely dashed] plot (\x,{0.2858*(\x+\x^2)}) node[above,inner sep=0pt,outer sep=0pt,xshift=-10pt]{蒸気圧曲線};
\draw[<-] (2.6,2.4) -- +(1,-0.5) node[right,inner sep=0pt,outer sep=0pt]{凝縮開始};
\draw[<-] (1.6,1) -- +(1.25,-0.4) node[right,inner sep=0pt,outer sep=0pt]{気体と液体が共存し続ける};
\draw[densely dotted] (2.5,0) -- (2.5,2.5);
\draw[<-] (2.5,-0.05) -- +(0,-0.55) -- +(0.25,-0.55) node[right,inner sep=0pt,outer sep=0pt]{液体の水が生じ始める温度};
\end{tikzpicture}

\onecolumn
{\large\gtfamily\一字ぶら下げ{\ajKaku3}{混合気体の$P-V$グラフ}}

例えば，最初に封入した酸素と水蒸気の物質量比が$1:2$の場合，外圧を増加させてゆくに連れて酸素と水蒸気の分圧は下図左のような変化を示す。また，凝縮が始まってからは水蒸気の凝縮に伴い気体の総物質量が次第に減少してゆく（ただし体積が0になることはない）ので，$P-V$グラフは下図右のような形状になる。

\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth]
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (6,0) node at +(0.4,0) {$P_{外圧}$};
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,6) node at +(0,0.3) {分圧};
\draw[densely dashed] (3.33,0) -- (3.33,2.22) -- (0,2.22) node[left] {$P_{飽和}$};
\draw[very thick] (0,0) -- (5.6,5.6) node[right] at +(-0.1,0.2) {全圧};
\draw[ultra thick] (0,0) -- (3.33,2.22) -- (5.75,2.22) node[right] {$P_{\ce{H2O}}$};
\draw[ultra thick] (0,0) -- (3.33,1.11) -- (5.75,3.53) node[right] {$P_{\ce{O2}}$};
\draw[densely dotted,thick] (3.33,2.22) -- (5.49,3.66);
\draw[densely dotted,thick] (3.33,1.11) -- (5.49,1.83);
\end{tikzpicture}\ihspace{2zw}
\begin{tikzpicture}[>=stealth]
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (6,0) node at +(0.2,0) {$V$};
\draw[->] (0,0) -- (0,6) node at +(0,0.2) {$P$};
\draw[domain=0.897:2.9,smooth,ultra thick] plot (2*\x,{2/\x});
\draw[domain=0.345:0.9,smooth,densely dashed] plot (2*\x,{2/\x});
\draw[domain=0.24:1.806,smooth,ultra thick] plot (\x,{1/\x+5/3});
\draw[densely dotted,thick] (1.8,2.22) -- (0.1,2.22) -- (0.1,5.7);
\node[single arrow,draw,rotate=-90,scale=0.4] at (0.87,3.57) {\color{white}abcdepqrs};
\draw[latex-] (0.9,5.5) .. controls (1.3,5.35) and (1.4,5.25) .. (1.5,5) node at +(2,-0.2) {\small 凝縮しなければ$PV=$（一定）};
\draw[latex-] (1.05,3.5) -- (1.75,3.75) node[right] {\small 凝縮による物質量減少};
\draw[latex-] (0.2,3) -- (2.5,2.75) node at +(1.8,-0.2) {\small \parbox{12zw}{酸素があるので\\体積が0になることはない}};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}


\end{document}